Accounting glossary

Amortizare

Spreading the cost of a long-lived asset (equipment, car, software) over its useful life, as a monthly expense, instead of expensing it all at purchase.

Balanță de verificare

A monthly report listing every account with its totals and balances. It proves the books balance (debits equal credits) and is the starting point for tax returns and financial statements.

Bon de consum

The document that records taking materials out of stock for internal use — for example raw materials sent into production or supplies used by the office.

Cartea mare

The general ledger: the collection of all account statements. It shows, per account, the monthly movements and balances, and feeds the trial balance.

D406 / SAF-T

The Standard Audit File for Tax: a large, standardised export of your entire accounting data, sent to ANAF periodically. It is generated from the ledger, not typed by hand.

Declarația D394

An informative return listing all domestic purchases and sales between VAT-registered Romanian companies. ANAF cross-checks it against your business partners' returns.

Decont de TVA (D300)

The periodic VAT return. It summarises the VAT you collected on sales and the VAT you paid on purchases; the difference is what you pay or recover.

Dividend

The share of after-tax profit paid out to the company's owners. It can only be distributed from actual profit and is subject to dividend tax.

e-Factura

Romania's mandatory electronic invoicing system. Invoices between companies must be sent as XML through ANAF's SPV platform; the version registered there is the legally valid invoice.

e-Transport

ANAF's system for declaring road transports of goods with high fiscal risk (and international transports). You must obtain a UIT code before the transport starts.

Exercițiu financiar

The company's accounting year — normally the calendar year. Annual financial statements and the yearly closing refer to one exercițiu financiar.

Extras de cont

The bank statement: the bank's list of all money in and out of your account. Bookkeeping matches each statement line to an invoice, a payment or another document.

Fișă de cont

The statement of a single account: every debit and credit posted to it and the running balance. Useful for checking, for example, how much a specific client still owes.

Fișă de magazie

The stock card kept for each product in a warehouse: every entry and exit, with the running quantity. It lets you check physical stock against the books.

Gestiune

A stock-keeping unit under someone's responsibility — a warehouse, a shop, a van. Stock documents (NIR, consumption notes, transfers) always belong to a gestiune.

Imobilizare

An asset the company keeps and uses for more than a year — buildings, machines, vehicles, licences. Above a value threshold it must be depreciated, not expensed directly.

Impozit micro vs. impozit pe profit

The two main company tax regimes: micro-enterprises pay a small percentage of revenue, while the standard regime pays 16% of profit. Which one applies depends on revenue and other conditions.

Jurnal de vânzări / cumpărări

The VAT journals: chronological lists of all sales invoices and all purchase invoices, with their VAT amounts. They are the source of the VAT return (D300).

NIR (Notă de intrare-recepție)

The goods-receipt document you create when merchandise arrives from a supplier. It confirms quantities and prices and puts the goods into your stock records.

Notă contabilă

The accounting record for a single operation: which accounts are debited and credited, for what amount and why. Every invoice, receipt or payroll run ends up as one or more of these.

Perioadă fiscală

The interval for which a tax is calculated and declared — monthly or quarterly for VAT, quarterly for micro tax, and so on. Deadlines are usually the 25th of the following month.

PFA vs. SRL

The two most common business forms: PFA is a registered self-employed person (simpler, but personally liable), while SRL is a limited liability company (separate legal entity, limited liability, more paperwork).

Plafon micro

The revenue ceiling up to which a company may stay in the micro-enterprise tax regime. If you exceed it, you switch to profit tax from that point onwards.

Provizioane

Amounts set aside for likely future losses or obligations — for example a client unlikely to pay or an ongoing lawsuit. They reduce profit before the loss actually happens.

Registru inventar

The mandatory register that records the yearly inventory results: everything the company owns and owes, verified and valued at the end of the financial year.

Registru jurnal

The mandatory chronological register of all accounting entries, in the order they happened. One of the official accounting books required by law.

Revisal / REGES

The electronic register of employees, reported to the Labour Inspection. Every hire, contract change or termination must be recorded there within legal deadlines.

SPV (Spațiul Privat Virtual)

Your company's private online space at ANAF. Tax returns, tax decisions, e-Factura messages and other official communications arrive there.

Storno

The correct way to fix a posting mistake: instead of editing the wrong entry, you record a reversing entry that cancels it. Posted entries are never modified — corrections always go through storno.

TVA la încasare

A VAT scheme where you owe VAT to the state only when the customer actually pays you, not when you issue the invoice. Optional, subject to a turnover ceiling.